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APA和MLA中直接引用和间接引用的注意事项

石小军

文献综述是一篇学术论文中的重要组成部分之一,具体内容为关于此次科学实践的理论基础和依据介绍,即针对此前其他学者在该领域的主要研究成果所做的一个较为全面的梳理和总结;在此前提下,再由面引出具体的问题点,论证作者此次研究的必要性和新的研究起点,从而才能进一步在下面若干章节展开深入探讨。在这个先行基础的累积过程中,必然会涉及到大量的相关研究引用。这一环节似乎较为简单,但如果做不到缜密严谨的文献引用,就很有可能造成抄袭这一严重后果,因此有必要对引用时的一些注意事项加以整理和说明。另外,不同的学科,对引用的格式要求还又有所区别。本文就社科和人文类中最常见的两种写作格式APA(The American Psychological Association,第六版)和MLA(the Modern Language Association,第八版)中的引用规范做一个基本介绍,以供大家在具体引用时参考。

引用有直接引用和间接引用之分。作为行规,在实际写作过程中,直接引用要少于间接引用,但是直接引用之处往往就是先行研究中的一个重点,因此不可掉以轻心。下文中的(1)-(3),即为三例典型的APA直接引用。

(1)According to Jones (1998), “Sstudents often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time” (p. 199).

(2)Jones (1998) found “students often had difficulty using APA style” (p. 199); what implications do this have for teachers?

(3)She stated, “Students often had difficulty using APA style” (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.

由此可见,APA中的直接引用需标明作者的姓氏,写作年份以及所引用部分在原文章中的具体页码。原作者的姓氏既可以直接放在正文当中,也可以和年份页码一起放在括弧里。如果引用部分较长(超过40个单词),该部分则另起一行,齐头缩5格单独成段,且不再需要引号,如(4)。

(4)Jones’s (1998) study found the following:

Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)

MLA的直接引用例文如下(5)-(7)。二者出自Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. Knopf, 1994一书。

(5)Imperialism is “the practice, the theory, and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory” (Said 9).

(6)According to Edward W. Said, imperialism is defined by “the practice, the theory, and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory” (9).

(7)Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263).

很明显,与APA不同,MLA的直接引用无需标出年份,只要写清原作者和页码即可。如果原作者出现在正文中,则是名前姓后的全姓名标注方法,如果是在括弧中,则只写姓氏。

另一方面,论文中的引用绝大部分为间接引用,其实质为一种精确程度更高的总结,不得相悖原作者的本意。APA格式的间接引用如(8)和(9)。

(8)According to Jones (1998, p. 199), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.

(9)APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

在具体引用形式上和上述的直接引用并无区别,也都需要表明原作者,年份和页码。MLA的间接和直接引用也是同样如此,如下文的(10和(11)与上文(5)-(7)在标明出处的要素上基本等同---也是都只有作者和页码。

(10)Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).

(11)Marx and Engels described human history as marked by class struggles (79; ch. 1).

(12)The authors claim that one cause of obesity in the United States is government-funded farm subsidies (Franck et al. 327).

总之,在直接引用和间接引用中,不管是APA还是MLA,万变不离其宗,二者在形式上再有所不同,实质是一样的,就是如果不是自己的研究观点和结果,一定要标注出具体来源,这是对他人劳动也是对科学活动的基本尊重。